中央农村工作会议系列解读⑨打通农技推广“最后一公里”******
作者:刘丽、孙炜琳,中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所
中央农村工作会议强调,要依靠科技和改革双轮驱动加快建设农业强国。党的二十大报告绘就了实现高水平农业科技自立自强的宏伟蓝图,中央农村工作会议进一步吹响了科技驱动农业强国建设的号角。科技驱动农业强国建设既要“顶天”,又要“立地”,既要着眼于世界前沿技术和基础研究,争取世界农业科技前沿领域的话语权,又要面向产业需求,让先进前沿的农业科技成果下沉进村、入户、到田,让农民学得会、用得上。农技推广作为连接科技和经济的关键环节,是将先进前沿的农业科技成果转化为现实生产力、促进农村经济高质量发展的重要利器。
一、打通农技推广“最后一公里”,对加快科技驱动农业强国建设意义重大
《“十四五”全国农业农村科技发展规划》指出,到2025年,我国农业科技整体实力稳居世界第一方阵,农业科技进步贡献率达到64%。要实现这一目标,在很大程度上取决于农技推广的效率和质量。中央农村工作会议强调要着力解决好农业科技创新体系中存在的各自为战、低水平重复、转化率不高等突出问题。数据显示,2019年我国农业科研院所以及农业高等院校的科技成果转化率分别为18.86%与16.79%;根据科学技术部“农业科技成果转化项目”数据统计,我国涉农企业科技成果转化率也不足50%。打通农技推广“最后一公里”将极大提高我国农业科技成果转化率,将更多的农业科技成果转化为现实生产力和农民收益,对于提升农业科技创新整体效能、加快科技驱动农业强国建设具有特别重要的意义。
二、打通农技推广“最后一公里”仍面临较多挑战
改革开放以来,经过多年建设,我国逐步建立起以政府公益性农技推广机构为主、以科研院所和高校为代表的准公益性推广机构和以农业社会化服务组织为代表的市场性推广机构多元共存的农技推广体系。农技推广体系不断改革创新,为当前农业科技进步贡献率超过61%发挥了关键支撑作用,为保障国家粮食安全、引领产业升级、推动农业现代化发展做出了突出贡献。近年来,随着农业生产新业态的不断涌现,广大农业生产主体对农业技术的需求呈现多样化,打通农技推广“最后一公里”仍面临较多挑战,主要表现在:
政府公益性农技推广机构投入不足,提供的农技服务内容及技术类型与农业生产的多样化需求匹配度不够。市场性农技推广机构服务范围覆盖面窄,服务群体较为分散,推广的技术相对单一,无法解决区域性产业发展面临的技术难题。政府公益性农技推广机构与市场性农技推广组织没有形成合力,力量分散。从整体来看,科技成果的市场转化机制尚不健全,农技推广模式较为单一,农技推广手段较为传统,运用大数据、云计算等现代信息技术手段不充分。
三、打通农技推广“最后一公里”,提升农业科技创新体系效能
构建多元互补、高效协同的农技推广体系。进一步深化建设以政府公益性推广机构为主导,以科研院所、高校、农业社会化服务组织等为补充的多元化农技推广体系,加快完善“一主多元”的基层农技推广服务网络。构建协同互补的农技推广运行机制,强化公益性农技推广机构与准公益性及市场性农技服务机构的有效对接,明确多元主体的角色定位与功能发挥,促进农业科技成果转化应用。坚持政府公益性推广体系的主导地位,加大基层农技推广投入,设立专项保障经费,强化政府农技推广的公益性职能。
立足产业需求,强化市场导向,全方位提高农技推广效率和质量。坚持立足农业生产一线,强化市场在农技推广的导向和筛选作用,加强政府公益性农技推广队伍建设,搭建基层农技推广人员和科技研发人员交流平台,切实提高基层农技推广水平。扎实推进农业社会化服务,以产业需求为基础,鼓励以“农资+服务”、技术托管、示范带动等多种方式开展农技服务,优化资源配置,加速实现技术服务的专业化。立足现代农业集约化、标准化特征,大力推广科技示范园区、科技小院、项目带动、企业参与等新兴技术推广模式,切实提高农业技术推广成效。
充分利用新手段、新平台推动农业科技与产业融合,成果与市场结合。加强科技服务载体和平台建设,搭建集“农技需求-交流培训-农资交易-技术服务”等为一体的农业技术服务数字化平台,为农业技术推广提供精准化、智能化服务,助推农业科技与产业融合。整合资源,以新电商平台为基础,健全市场转化机制,加速农业科技成果与市场结合,以市场反哺产业和科研,实现互惠互利、良性循环。利用互联网新媒体手段搭建与农业生产者的技术交流平台,建立低成本、高效率、便利化的反馈互动机制,提高农业技术推广效率。
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)